Kerosene, used in lamps.

A rotor or rotor blade. In pumps and turbines, it is powered and moves air or other fluids. In measuring instruments, it is moved by a fluid passing it, and rotations can be counted.

Refers to either a native of India, or to Native Americans. Columbus used this term for native people because he mistakenly thought he had landed on the subcontinent of India.

An economy that sustains itself by processing raw materials or resources into manufactured items.

An engine whose power is developed by burning fuel inside the working cylinders or combustion chamber. Generally refers to piston-driven engines like gasoline and diesel engines, but turbines used on jet aircraft and ships are also internal combustion engines.

A series of signal flags and pennants, one flag for each letter of the alphabet and one pennant for each number between 0 and 9. There are three additional pennants for substitutes and four more with special meanings agreed on by all maritime countries for communication between ships and between ship and shore.

In 1845 the Irish potato crop contracted a fungus (phytophthera infestans) that caused the potato plants to rot. The fungus was originally transported in the holds of ships traveling from North America to England, where winds carried it to Ireland. At that time Irish farms were owned by English landlords who charged the Irish peasants rent. The Irish lived largely on potatoes, while exporting their other crops, such as wheat, to England in order to pay the rent on their farms. When the potato failed, there was devastating starvation and disease among the Irish peasants. Some corn was imported from the United States, but not enough. During this time millions of Irish people died and many were forced to leave the country for British North America (Canada) around Quebec and Montreal. The ships they traveled on were known as “coffin ships” because so many people became ill and died on the voyages. From Canada, many of the surviving immigrants made their way to northeastern U.S. cities.

A small uninhabited island in the archipelago of Puerto Rico. Today it is administered by the U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island has no surface water, so it has only limited plants and animals.

An island in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Callao, Peru.